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ADJUSTABLE ORIFICE - (See Orifice) AIR-GAS RATIO - The ratio of combustion air
supply flow rate to the fuel gas supply flow rate. AIR SHUTTER - An adjustable shutter on the
primary air openings of a burner, which is used to control the amount of combustion air introduced into the
burner body.
ALDEHYDE - A class of compounds, which can be produced during
incomplete combustion of a fuel gas. They have a pungent distinct odor. A.N.S.I. – American National Standards Institute. ATMOSPHERIC BURNER - (See Burner) ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE - The pressure exerted upon the
earth's surface by the weight of atmosphere above it. ATOM - The smallest unit of an element which retains the
particular properties of that element. AUTOMATIC GAS PILOT DEVICE - A gas pilot
incorporating a device, which acts to automatically shut off the gas supply to
the appliance burner if the pilot flame is extinguished.
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RETURN TO TOP HOME - ABOUT ME - CONTACT ME BUILDING CODES - DEFINITION LIST - TECHNICAL TOPICS - LINKS B BACKFIRE PROTECTION - (See Flashback Arrestor) B.O.C.A. – Building Officials & Code Administrators
International, Inc. The building code
system that is generally followed in the eastern part of the United States. See 'Building Codes'. BREAKER BOLT - (See Spoiler Screw) BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (Btu) - The quantity of heat
required to raise the temperature of one pound of fresh water one degree F. BUILDING CODE SYSTEM – A system (set) of codes and
standards that has been adopted by the local code enforcement authority having
jurisdiction in a locality. BUNSEN-TYPE BURNER - A gas burner in which
combustion air is injected into the burner by the gas jet emerging from the gas
orifice, and this air is premixed with the gas supply within the Burner body
before the gas burns on the burner port. BURNER - A device for the final conveyance of gas, or a
mixture of gas and air, to the combustion zone. (See also specific type of
burner). · INJECTION
BURNER - A burner employing the energy of a jet of gas to inject
air for combustion into the burner and mix t with gas. · ATMOSPHERIC
INJECTION BURNER - A burner in which the air injected into the burner
by a jet of gas is supplied to the burner at atmospheric pressure. · POWER
BURNER - (See also Forced Draft Burner, Induced Draft Burner, Premixing
Burner, and Pressure Burner). A burner in which either gas or air or both are
supplied at pressures exceeding, for gas, the line pressure, and for air,
atmospheric pressure. · YELLOW-FLAME
BURNER - A burner in which secondary air only is depended on for
the combustion of the gas. BURNER FLEXIBILITY - The degree to which a burner
can operate with reasonable characteristics with a variety of fuel gases and/or
variations in input rate (gas pressure). BURNER HEAD - That portion of a burner beyond
the outlet of the mixer tube which contains the burner ports. BURNER PORT - (See Port) BURNING SPEED - (See Flame Velocity) BUTANE - A hydrocarbon fuel gas heavier than methane and
propane and a major constituent of liquefied petroleum gases.
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RETURN TO TOP HOME - ABOUT ME - CONTACT ME BUILDING CODES - DEFINITION LIST - TECHNICAL TOPICS - LINKS C CARBON DIOXIDE – A colorless, odorless,
incombustible gas, CO2, formed during combustion of a carbon-based fuel such as
propane or natural gas. CARBON MONOXIDE - A colorless, odorless, highly poisonous
combustible gas, CO, formed during incomplete combustion of a carbon-based fuel
such as propane or natural gas. COLORIMETRIC DETECTION DEVICE - A
device for detecting the presence of a particular substance, such as carbon
monoxide, in which the presence of that substance will cause a color change in
a material in the detector. COMBUSTION - The rapid oxidation of gases
accompanied by the production of heat or heat and light. COMBUSTION AIR - Air supplied to an appliance
specifically for the combustion of a fuel gas. COMBUSTION CHAMBER - The portion of an appliance
within which combustion normally occurs. COMBUSTION PRODUCTS - Constituents resulting from the
combustion of a fuel gas with the oxygen in air, including the inerts, but
excluding excess air. (Also see Flue gases.) COMPOUND - A distinct substance formed by the chemical
combination of two or more elements in definite proportions. CONDENSABLE - A gas which can be easily
converted to liquid form, usually by lowering the temperature and/or increasing
pressure. CONDENSATE (Condensation) – The liquid that separates
from a gas (including flue gas) due to a reduction in temperature or increase
in pressure. CONSTRUCTION, AVERAGE – Construction of a building or
structure that allows outside air infiltration rates of between 0.6 – 1.0 air
changes per hour. CONSTRUCTION, LOOSE – Construction of a building or
structure that allows outside air infiltration rates of between 1.0 – 2.5 air
changes per hour. CONSTRUCTION, TIGHT – Construction of a building or
structure that allows outside air infiltration rates of between 0.3 – 0.6 air
changes per hour. Homes constructed after the mid-1980’s are generally of tight
construction. CONTROLS - Devices designed to regulate the gas, air, water
or electricity supplied to a gas appliance. They may be manual, semi-automatic
or automatic. CUBIC F00T OF GAS - (Standard Conditions). The
amount of gas which will occupy 1 cubic foot when at a temperature of 60 F and
under a pressure equivalent to that of 30 inches of mercury.
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RETURN TO TOP HOME - ABOUT ME - CONTACT ME BUILDING CODES - DEFINITION LIST - TECHNICAL TOPICS - LINKS D DEAD SPACE - The short distance between a
burner port and the base of a flame. DENSITY - The weight of a substance per unit volume. As
applied to gases, the weight in pounds of a cubic foot of gas at standard
conditions. DEWPOINT - The temperature at which a vapor will start to
condense into its liquid form. DILUTION AIR - Air which enters a draft hood
and mixes with the flue gases. DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT - The ratio of the actual flow
rate of a gas from an orifice or port to the theoretical, calculated flow rate.
Always less than 1.0. DISTILLATION - Removal of gaseous substances
from solids or liquids by applying heat. D.M.S. - Drill Manufacturer's Standard - equivalent to
Standard Twist Drill or Steel Wire Gage Numbers. DRAFT HOOD - (Draft Diverter) A device built
into an appliance, or made part of a vent connector from an appliance, which is
designed to:
DOWNDRAFT - Excessive high air pressure
existing at the outlet of chimney or stack which tends to make gases flow
downward in the stack. DRILLED PORT BURNER - A burner in which the ports
have been formed by drilled holes in a thick section in the burner head or by a
manufacturing method which results in holes similar in size, shape and depth.
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RETURN TO TOP HOME - ABOUT ME - CONTACT ME BUILDING CODES - DEFINITION LIST - TECHNICAL TOPICS - LINKS E ELEMENT - One of the 96 or more basic substances of which
all matter is composed. EXCESS AIR - Air which passes through an
appliance and the appliance flues in excess of that which is required for
complete combustion of the gas. Usually expressed as a percentage of the air
required for complete combustion of the gas. EXTINCTION POP - (See Flashback)
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measurement in the English system of units. It is based on the freezing point
of water being 32 F and the boiling point of water being 212 F at standard
pressure conditions.
FIXED ORIFICE - (See Orifice Spud) FLAME ARRESTOR - (See Flashback Arrestor) FLAME RETENTION DEVICE - A device added to a
burner which aids in holding the flame base close to the burner ports. FLAME ROLLOUT - A condition where flame rolls
out of a combustion chamber when the burner is turned on. FLAME VELOCITY - The speed at which a flame
moves through a fuel-air mixture. FLAMMABILITY LIMITS - The maximum percentages of a
fuel in an air-fuel mixture which will burn. FLASHBACK - An undesirable flame
characteristic in which burner flames strike back into a burner to burn there
or to create a pop after the gas supply has been turned off. FLASHBACK ARRESTOR - A gauze, grid or any other
portion of a burner assembly used to avert flashback. FLASHTUBE - An ignition device, commonly
used for igniting gas on range top burners. An air-gas mixture from the burner
body is injected into the end of a short tube. The mixture moves along the
tube, is ignited by a standing pilot flame at the other open end of the tube
and the flame travels back through the mixture in the flashtube to ignite the
gas at the burner ports. FLOATING FLAMES - An undesirable burner operating
condition, usually indicating incomplete combustion in which flames leave the
burner ports to "reach" for combustion air. FLUE GASES, FLUE PRODUCTS - Products of combustion
and excess air in appliance flues or heat exchangers before the draft hood. FLUE LOSS - The heat lost in flue products
exiting from the flue outlet of an appliance. FLUE OUTLET - The opening provided in an
appliance for the escape of flue gases. Normally located at the inlet of the
draft hood. FLUID - A gas or liquid, as opposed to a solid. FORCED DRAFT BURNER - A burner in which combustion
air is supplied by a fan or blower mounted upstream of the burner. The fan also
serves to push flue gases to the flue outlet. (Also see induced draft burner.) FUEL - Any substance used for combustion. FUEL GAS - Any substance in a gaseous form when used for combustion.
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well-defined inner cone. HEAT EXCHANGER - Any device for transferring
heat from one fluid to another. HEATING SURFACE - All surfaces which transmit
heat from flames or flue gases to the medium being heated. HEATING VALUE - The number of British thermal
units (BTUs) produced by the complete combustion at constant pressure of one
cubic foot of gas. Total heating value includes heat obtained from cooling the
products to the initial temperature of the gas and air and condensing the water
vapor formed during combustion. HYDROCARBON - Any of a number of compounds
composed of carbon and hydrogen.
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RETURN TO TOP HOME - ABOUT ME - CONTACT ME BUILDING CODES - DEFINITION LIST - TECHNICAL TOPICS - LINKS I I.A.P.M.O. – The International Association
of Plumbing & Mechanical Officials. I.C.B.O. – International Conference of Building
Officials. The building code system
which is generally followed in the western part of the United states. IGNITION - The act of starting combustion. IGNITION TEMPERATURE - The minimum temperature at which combustion can be
started. IGNITION VELOCITY - (See Flame Velocity) IMPINGEMENT TARGET BURNER - A burner consisting
simply of a gas orifice and a target, with the gas jet from the orifice
entraining combustion air in the open and the mixture striking and burning on
the target surface. No usual burner body is used. INCHES OF MERCURY COLUMN - A unit used in measuring
pressures. One inch of mercury column equals a pressure of 0.491 pounds per
square inch (2.036 inches of mercury equals one pound.) INCHES OF WATER COLUMN - A unit measuring pressures.
One inch of water column equals a pressure of 0.578 ounces per square
inch. One inch mercury column equals
about 13.6 inches water column and 27.68 inches of water column equals one
pound. INCOMPLETE COMBUTION - Combustion in which the fuel is
only partially burned. Products of
incomplete combustion include carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. INDUCED DRAFT BURNER - A burner which depends on draft
induced by a fan or blower at the flue outlet to draw in combustion air and
pull flue gases to the flue outlet. INERTS - Non-combustible substances in a fuel, or in flue
gases, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide. INFRARED BURNER - (Radiant, Burner). A burner
which is designed to operate with a hot, glowing surface. A substantial amount
of its energy output is in the form of infrared radiant energy. INJECTION - Drawing primary air into a gas
burner by means of a flow of fuel gas. INPUT RATE - The quantity of heat or fuel
supplied to an appliance, expressed in volume or heat units per unit time, such as cubic feet per hour or Btu per
hour.
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gas or air-gas mixtures collide in air at some point above the burner ports and
burn there.
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contains more air than the amount needed for complete combustion of the gas. LIFTING FLAMES - An unstable burner flame
condition in which flames lift or blow off the burner port(s). LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES - The terms
"Liquefied Petroleum Gases", "LPG" and "LP Gas"
mean and include any fuel gas which is composed predominantly of any of the
following hydrocarbons, or mixtures of them: propane, propylene, normal butane
or isobutane and butylenes. LNG - Liquefied natural gas. Natural gas which has been
cooled until it becomes a liquid. LP GAS-AIR MIXTURES - Liquefied petroleum gases
distributed at relatively low pressures and normal atmospheric temperatures
which have been diluted with air to produce desired heating value and
utilization characteristics. LUMINOUS FLAME BURNER - (See Burner, Yellow Flame)
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the individual burners. MANIFOLD PRESSURE - The gas pressure in an
appliance manifold, upstream of burner orifices. MANUFACTURED GAS - A fuel gas that is artificially
produced by some process, as opposed to natural gas, which is found in the
earth. Some times called town gas. MECHANICAL CODE (BOCA, ICBO, INTERNATIONAL) –
Part of a building code system that specifically covers the installation,
modification and maintenance of mechanical systems including gas fired
appliances. METHANE - A hydrocarbon gas with the formula CH4, the
principal component of natural gases. MIXED GAS - A gas in which the heating
value of manufactured gas is raised by co-mingling with natural or LPG (except
where natural gas or LPG is used only for "enriching" or
"reforming".) MIXER - That portion of a burner where air and gas are
mixed before delivery to the burner ports. · Mixer Face
- The air inlet end of the mixer
head. · Mixer Head -.That
portion of an injection type burner, usually enlarged, into which primary air
flows to mix with the gas stream. · Mixer
Throat (Venturi throat) - That portion of the mixer which has the smallest
cross-sectional area, and which lies between the mixer head and the mixer
tube. · Mixer Tube - That
portion of the mixer which lies between the throat and the burner head. MOLECULE - The smallest portion of an element or compound
which retains the identity and characteristics of the element or compound.
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RETURN TO TOP HOME - ABOUT ME - CONTACT ME BUILDING CODES - DEFINITION LIST - TECHNICAL TOPICS - LINKS N NATIONAL FUEL GAS CODE (NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1) – A gas
industry installation standard for the safe installation of gas fired
appliances. NATURAL DRAFT - The motion of flue products
through an appliance generated by hot flue gases rising in a vent connected to the
furnace flue outlet. NATURAL GAS - Any gas found in the earth, as
opposed to gases which are manufactured. NEEDLE, ADJUSTABLE - A tapered projection, coaxial
with and movable with respect to a fixed orifice used to regulate the flow of
gas. NEEDLE, FIXED - A tapered projection, the
position of which is fixed, coaxial with an orifice which can be moved with
respect to the needle to regulate flow of gas. NITROGEN – A gaseous inert element present in flue gases
resulting from combustion with air. The
nitrogen which is present in air is carried through the combustion process and
into the flue gases.
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colorless and tasteless gas to give warning of gas leakage and to aid in leak
detection. ORIFICE - An opening in an orifice cap (hood), orifice spud
or other device through which gas is discharged, and whereby the flow of gas is
limited and/or controlled. (See also Universal Orifice) · Orifice
Cap (Hood) - A movable fitting having an orifice which permits
adjustment of the flow of gas by changing its position with respect to a fixed
needle or other device extending into the orifice. · Orifice
Discharge Coefficient - (See Discharge Coefficient) · Orifice
Spud - A removable plug or cap containing an orifice which
permits adjustment of the gas flow either by substitution with a spud having
different sized orifices (fixed orifice) or by motion of an adjustable needle
into or out of the orifice (adjustable orifice). OVERRATING - Operation of a gas burner at a
greater fuel input rate than it was designed for (Also see overfire.) OVERFIRE - Operation of a gas burner at a greater fuel input
rate than it was designed for (Also see overrating.)
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RETURN TO TOP HOME - ABOUT ME - CONTACT ME BUILDING CODES - DEFINITION LIST - TECHNICAL TOPICS - LINKS P PILOT - A small flame that is used to ignite the gas at
the main burner. PORT - Any opening in a burner head through which gas or
an air-gas mixture is discharged for ignition. PORT LOADING - The input rate of a gas burner
per unit of port area, obtained by dividing input rate by total port area.
Usually expressed in terms of Btu per hour per square inch of port area. POWER BURNER - (See Burner) PREMIXING BURNER - A burner in which all, or
nearly all, combustion air is mixed with the gas as primary air. PRESSURE BURNER - A burner in which an air and
gas mixture under pressure is supplied, usually at 0.5 to 14 inches water
column. PRESSURE REGULATOR - A device for controlling and
maintaining a uniform outlet gas pressure. PRIMARY AIR - The combustion air introduced
into a burner which mixes with the gas before it reaches the burner port and is
burned. Usually expressed as a percent age of air required for complete
combustion of the gas. PRIMARY AIR INLET - The opening or opening through
which primary air is admitted into a burner. PROPANE - A hydrocarbon gas heavier than methane but lighter
than butane. It is used as a fuel gas alone, mixed with air or as a major
constituent of liquefied petroleum gases.
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whereby a combustion process is retarded or stopped.
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RETURN TO TOP HOME - ABOUT ME - CONTACT ME BUILDING CODES - DEFINITION LIST - TECHNICAL TOPICS - LINKS R RADIANT BURNER - (See Infrared Burner) RATE - (See Input) REGULATOR - (See Pressure Regulator) RELIEF OPENING - The opening in a draft hood to
permit ready escape to the atmosphere of flue products from the draft hood in
event of no draft, back draft or stoppage beyond the draft hood, and to permit
inspiration of air into the draft hood in the event of a strong chimney up
draft (See draft hood.) RICH MIXTURE - A mixture of gas and air
containing too much fuel or too little air for complete combustion of the gas.
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supplied to a burner flame at the point of combustion. SINGLE PORT BURNER - A burner in which the entire
air-gas mixture issues from a single port. SOFT FLAME - A flame partially deprived of
primary air such that the combustion zone is ex tended and inner cone is ill
defined. SOOT - A black substance, mostly consisting of small
particles of carbon, which can result from incomplete combustion and appear as
smoke. SNG - Supplementary or synthetic natural gas. Gases
which are manufactured to duplicate natural gas. SPACE, CONFINED – For the purpose of most
building codes and the National Fuel Gas Code (NFPA 54), a space whose volume
is less than 50 cubic feet per 1000 Btu per hour of the aggregate input
(nameplate) rating (at sea level) of all the appliances installed in that
space. SPACE, UNCONFINED - For the purpose of most
building codes and the National Fuel Gas Code (NFPA 54), a space whose volume
is not less than 50 cubic feet per 1000 Btu per hour of the aggregate input (nameplate)
rating (at sea level) of all the appliances installed in that space. Rooms communicating directly with that space
in which the appliances are installed, through openings not furnished with
doors, are considered a part of the unconfined space. SPECIFIC GRAVITY - Specific gravity is the ratio
of the weight of a given volume of gas to that of the same volume of air, both
measured at the same temperature and pressure. SPILLAGE – The escape of produces of combustion from the
draft hood relief opening (See draft hood.) SPOILER SCREW - (Breaker Bolt) A screw or bolt
moved in or out of the gas jet in a burner to control primary air injection. SPUD - (See Orifice) STANDARD CONDITIONS - Pressure and temperature
conditions selected for expressing properties of gases on a common basis. In
gas appliance work, these are normally 30 inches of mercury and 60 F. STATIC PRESSURE - The pressure exerted by a
motionless gas. STOICHIOMETRIC MIXTURE - A mixture of fuel and
combustion air capable of perfect combustion with no unused fuel or air after
combustion.
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supplied to a burner. It is the sum of primary air, secondary air and excess
air. TOTAL PRESSURE - Also called impact pressure.
The pressure measured in a moving fluid by an impact tube. It is the sum of the
velocity pressure and the static pressure. TOWN GAS - (See Manufactured Gas). TURNDOWN - The ratio of maximum to minimum input rates.
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dioxide in dry combustion products when a fuel (gas) is completely burned with
exactly the amount of air needed for complete combustion. This is the theoretical maximum C02 which can
be obtained for a given gas when burning the gas in air. UNIVERSAL ORIFICE - A combination fixed and
adjustable orifice designed for the use of two different gases, such as LPG and
natural gas. UPDRAFT - Excessively low air pressure existing at the
outlet of a chimney or stack that tends to increase the velocity and volume of
gases passing up the stack. UTILITY GASES - Natural gas, manufactured gas,
liquefied petroleum gas-air mixtures or mixtures of any of these gases.
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gas by virtue of its movement in the direction of its motion. It is the
difference between total pressure and static pressure. VENT - A device, such as a pipe, to transmit flue
products from an appliance to the outdoors. This term also is used to designate
a small hole or opening for the escape of a fluid (such as in a gas control). VENT GASES - Products of combustion from gas
appliances plus excess air, plus dilution air in the venting system above a
draft hood. VENTURI - A section in a pipe or a burner body that narrows
down and then flares out again. VISCOSITY - The property of a fluid to
resist flow.
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for expressing pressure. One inch water column equals a pressure of 0.578
ounces per square inch. WATER VAPOR (H2O) – One of the products of
combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel.
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appearance of yellow tips in an otherwise blue flame, indicating the need for
additional primary air.
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